Since 1992, four Moscow metro stations — Park Kultury, Lubyanka, Avtozavodskaya and Rizhskaya — have suffered major terrorist attacks, killing a total of about one hundred people.
In 2011, Moscow authorities purchased 560 metal detectors and 18 explosive detectors specifically for metro stations. By January this year, all of Moscow's nearly 200 metro stations had been equipped with metal detectors.
Moscow has more than 140,000 surveillance cameras. By 2012, some 60 percent of Moscow's buses had been equipped with surveillance cameras, according to City Hall.
Russia is the world's most policed country, with an average of 565 officers per 100,000 citizens, according to the United Nations' Office on Drugs and Crime. After the terror attacks of 2010, additional police units were assigned to Moscow's vast metro system.
Some 98,000 police officers patrolled Moscow's sprawling streets in 2010. There was one policeman for every 108 Muscovites that year, according to Interior Ministry data.
A few days before the beginning of last year's Olympics Games in Sochi, security was increased in Moscow and people had to pass through metal detectors before being allowed on Red Square.
A security checkpoint at an entrance to Moscow's Vnukovo Airport. A suicide bomber killed 37 people and injured about 200 others in Moscow's Domodedovo Airport in January 2011.
Protestors have to pass through a metal detector before participating in a large rally. Police put up barriers to prevent demonstrators from joining protests from nearby streets.
Russia's Interior Ministry in 2011 underwent a series of reforms costing billions of rubles. That year the Russian word for the police force was officially changed from the Soviet term "militia" to current "police." All the uniforms had to be changed and the police cars repainted.
